AshFall: A graduate course in volcanology with substantial meteorological content
| Lecture Number/Topic | Online Lecture | Video | Lecture Notes | Supplemental Material | Suggested Exercises |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Origin of volcanic ash: Mechanisms for formation | View | ||||
| Mechanisms for the formation of volcanic ash are reviewed and discussed, including explosive vesiculation, phreatomagmatic explosions and milling/comminution. |
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| Phreatic and phreatomagmatic fragmentation | View | ||||
| Eruption columns | View | ||||
| Discussion of gas thrust, convective thrust and eruption columns. Column height and eruption rate. Convection in the atmosphere, latent heat. Stages of evolution of eruption plumes to volcanic clouds. |
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| Size of volcanic ash | View | ||||
| Size of ash particles is discussed--ash, lapilli, fine and very fine ash, phi sizes, lognormal distributions and bimodal ones. Patterns of fallout and grain size distributions. |
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| Particle fall through the atmosphere | View | ||||
| Particle fall in atmosphere. Particle Reynolds Numbers, turbulent and laminar flow. Shapes of volcanic ash particles. Fine particle fallout. Aggregation.
Rose W I, C M Riley and S Dartevelle,... |
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| Numerical fallout models: An introduction based on Suzuki (1983) | View | ||||
| Suzuki, T., 1983. A theoretical model for dispersion of tephra, in: D. Shimozuru and I. Yokoyama (eds) Arc Volcanism: Physics and Tectonics, Terra Scientific Publishing, Tokyo, 95-116. |
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| Ashfall blankets | View | RoseetalBV07Fuego.pdf |
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| Ashfall deposit geometry--blanket. Grain size/distance patterns. Total grain size distributions.
Rose, W I, S Self, P J Murrow, G G J Ernst C Bonadonna and A J Durant, 2007, Pyroclastic fall... |
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| Volcanological meteorology | View | ||||
| Atmospheric layers, pressure temperature relationships. Origin of winds. Wind shear and pressure maps. Weather satellite data, weather radar systems. Cloud classifications. Radiosondes. Latent... |
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| More Volcano Meteorology | View | ||||
| Adiabatic processes, humidity in the atmosphere. Hydrometeors, stable and unstable air. Coriolis. Winds on a spherical surface. |
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| Weather Radar systems for mitigation of volcanic cloud hazards to aircraft | View | ||||
| Thunderstorms and Volcanic clouds- analogies | View | ||||
| Direct sampling of volcanic clouds | View | RoseetalJGRHekla.pdf |
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| Volcanic clouds have only sporadically been directly sampled. Sampling is advantageous to validate remote sensing. Direct sampling was more common in the 1978-1984 period before the hazards to jet... |
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| Distal sedimentation and the connection to cloud microphysics | View | ||||
| Adam Durant |
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| Detecting volcanic ash from space | View | RoseSpurrJG.pdf wenrose.pdf |
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| How satellites detect, map and measure volcanic ash in volcanic clouds. HYSPLIT and volcanic cloud satellite observations. Volcanic cloud stages. Infrared satellite detectors, split window. ... |
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| Why measure volcanic emissions from space? | View | ||||
| Satellite remote sensing of volcanic SO2 emissions | View | ||||
| The volcanic cloud of the 1992 eruption of Crater Peak, Alaska | View | ||||
| Models of tephra dispersion | View | ||||
| Costanza Bonadonna |
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| Chaiten eruption observations, May 2008 | View | ||||
| A review of the Chaiten eruptions based mainly on satellite observations. This lecture was compiled in October 2009. |
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| Hazards of volcanic ash | View | ||||
| Claire Horwell |
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| Reducing the threat to aviation from airborne volcanic ash | View | ||||